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Counter Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) or CCM mode Protocol (CCMP) is an encryptionprotocol designed for Wireless LAN products that implements the standards of the IEEE 802.11i amendment to the original IEEE 802.11 standard. CCMP is an enhanced data cryptographic encapsulation mechanism designed for data confidentiality and based upon the Counter Mode with CBC-MAC (CCM mode) of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) standard.[1] It was created to address the vulnerabilities presented by Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), a dated, insecure protocol.[1]

Technical details[edit]

CCMP uses CCM that combines CTR mode for data confidentiality and CBC-MAC for authentication and integrity. CCM protects the integrity of both the MPDU data field and selected portions of the IEEE 802.11 MPDU header. CCMP is based on AES processing and uses a 128-bit key and a 128-bit block size. CCMP uses CCM with the following two parameters: Chromecast for mac app.

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  • M = 8; indicating that the MIC is 8 octets (eight bytes).
  • L = 2; indicating that the Length field is 2 octets.

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A CCMP Medium Access Control Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) comprises five sections. The first is the MAC header which contains the destination and source address of the data packet. The second is the CCMP header which is composed of 8 octets and consists of the packet number (PN), the Ext IV, and the key ID. The packet number is a 48-bit number stored across 6 octets. The PN codes are the first two and last four octets of the CCMP header and are incremented for each subsequent packet. Between the PN codes are a reserved octet and a Key ID octet. The Key ID octet contains the Ext IV (bit 5), Key ID (bits 6–7), and a reserved subfields (bits 0–4). CCMP uses these values to encrypt the data unit and the MIC. The third section is the data unit which is the data being sent in the packet. The fourth is the message integrity code (MIC) which protects the integrity and authenticity of the packet. Finally, the fifth is the frame check sequence (FCS) which is used for error detection and correction. Of these sections only the data unit and MIC are encrypted.[1]

Security[edit]

CCMP is the standard encryption protocol for use with the Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) standard and is much more secure than the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol and Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) of Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). CCMP provides the following security services:[2]

  1. In cryptography, a cipher block chaining message authentication code (CBC-MAC) is a technique for constructing a message authentication code from a block cipher.The message is encrypted with some block cipher algorithm in CBC mode to create a chain of blocks such that each block depends on the proper encryption of the previous block. This interdependence ensures that a.
  2. FileMaker is probably the best known database application for the Mac. It has a feature set comparable to Microsoft Access, but with a strong focus on forms (layouts) as the primary way of accessing databases. Similar to Access, FileMaker stores your database logic and all the data.
  • Data confidentiality; ensures only authorized parties can access the information
  • Authentication; provides proof of genuineness of the user
  • Access control in conjunction with layer management

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Because CCMP is a block cipher mode using a 128-bit key, it is secure against attacks to the 264 steps of operation. Generic meet-in-the-middle attacks do exist and can be used to limit the theoretical strength of the key to 2n∕2 (where n is the number of bits in the key) operations needed.[3]

Known attacks[edit]

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References[edit]

  1. ^ abcCole, Terry (12 June 2007). 'IEEE Std 802.11-2007'(PDF). New York, New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
  2. ^Ciampa, Mark (2009). Security Guide To Network Security Fundamentals (3 ed.). Boston, MA: Course Technology. pp. 205, 380, 381. ISBN1-4283-4066-1.
  3. ^Whiting, Doug; R. Housley; N. Ferguson (September 2003). 'Counter with CBC-MAC (CCM)'. The Internet Society. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CCMP_(cryptography)&oldid=952147750'

Turn cellular data on or off

To turn cellular data on or off, go to Settings, then tap Cellular or Mobile Data. If you're using an iPad, you might see Settings > Cellular Data. If you're using a Dual SIM iPhone, you need to set one of your plans as the primary data number in order to see how much cellular data you've used.

Depending on your carrier and device, you might have additional options listed under Cellular Data Options:

  • Enable LTE, 4G, or 3G. You can select what type of network connection to use for voice and data. Learn more about these options.
  • Turn Voice Roaming on or off: With CDMA networks, you can turn off Voice Roaming to avoid charges from using other carrier's networks.
  • Turn Data Roaming on or off: When you're traveling internationally, you can turn off data roaming to avoid roaming charges. If you have an international data plan, you may need to keep Data Roaming on. Learn more about traveling internationally with your iPhone or iPad.

Depending on your carrier, data roaming might be used if you travel domestically. Contact your carrier for more information about your data roaming policy or other cellular data settings. You can turn cellular data on or off to limit apps and services from using the cellular network to connect to the Internet. When cellular data is on, apps and services use your cellular connection when Wi-Fi isn't available. As a result, you might be charged for using certain features and services with cellular data. Contact your carrier for more information about possible charges.

View how much data you're using

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To see how much cellular data that you've used, go to Settings > Cellular or Settings > Mobile Data. Color efex pro 4 full crack mac. If you're using an iPad, you might see Settings > Cellular Data instead.

Scroll down to find which apps are using cellular data. If you don't want an app to use cellular data, you can turn it off for that app. When cellular data is off, apps will only use Wi-Fi for data.

To see the cellular data usage for individual System Services, go to Settings > Cellular or Settings > Mobile Data. Then scroll to the bottom of the screen and tap System Services. Cellular data can't be turned on or off for individual System Services.

You can view the data usage statistics for an app from a current period, or view app data statistics for apps that use data when you were roaming. To reset these statistics, go to Settings > Cellular or Settings > Mobile Data, and tap Reset Statistics.

Get help

  • If you still can't connect to a cellular network, learn what to do.
  • If you use an Exchange ActiveSync account, it might continue to use cellular data even if you turn it off for Mail and Calendar. To see the cellular data usage of your Exchange ActiveSync account, go to Settings > Cellular > System Services.
  • If activated, Wi-Fi Assist automatically switches to use cellular data when Wi-Fi connectivity is poor. Wi-Fi Assist is on by default. This might result in additional cellular data use, which could incur additional charges depending on your data plan. You can turn off Wi-Fi Assist in Settings. For more information, see About Wi-Fi Assist.